Well, we all already knew it, but the main sanctions violators for North Korea are China and Russia. Almost before the ink is dry on a sanction, they are getting companies to find ways to avoid them. This article has pictures that show how it is being done. In a second article, the Journal describes how coal is smuggled from the North to the South. In a third, they show how Russia and China have set up front companies to facilitate the transfers of goods. The sanctions violations are rampant, and not just those for North Korea. As the case of ZTE showed, they have their state-owned enterprises feeding all the sanctioned countries whatever they need. China and Russia agree to the sanctions, then violate them almost immediately. They use a variety of methods that are constantly using different company names and methods of transportation.
Sanctions are a dream come true for someone who wants to pretend to be doing something, but not actually doing it. There is no point in pretending we can have a denuclearized North Korea when the basics of that are aligned with China and China has not stopped supporting the effort. There is no diplomacy that works with China and Russia because they are criminal states. Normal methods do not work against them, and diplomacy especially will not work. The only thing either one will bow to is credible retaliation. Piling more sanctions on sanctions they violate is clearly not working.
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